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The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics
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Comparative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Distinct Ascorbic Acid (AsA) Accumulation Patterns between

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Summary

Pollination-constant astringent (PCA) persimmons have higher ascorbic acid (AsA) than non-astringent (PCNA) types, linked to galactose metabolism and GME gene expression. This research clarifies AsA variation in persimmons based on astringency.

Keywords:
Diospyros kakiascorbic acidastringency typefruit developing stage

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Area of Science:

  • * Plant Physiology
  • * Fruit Science
  • * Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • * Persimmon fruit (Diospyros spp.) exhibits significant nutritional variation, particularly between pollination-constant astringent (PCA) and pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) types.
  • * While differences in sugars, flavonoids, and tannins are known, the impact of astringency on ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulation remains underexplored.
  • * Ascorbic acid is a vital nutrient, and understanding its accumulation patterns in different persimmon varieties is crucial for nutritional quality assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate and compare ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulation patterns in PCA and PCNA persimmon fruit during development.
  • * To identify potential metabolic pathways and key genes involved in AsA biosynthesis influenced by fruit astringency.
  • * To provide foundational data for understanding AsA content variation in persimmons based on astringency type.

Main Methods:

  • * Comparative analysis of AsA content in four persimmon varieties (two PCA, two PCNA) across four developmental stages (S1-S4).
  • * Metabolomic profiling using KEGG pathway analysis to identify key biosynthetic routes, focusing on galactose metabolism.
  • * Gene expression analysis (WGCNA) to correlate gene activity with AsA accumulation and identify regulatory genes.

Main Results:

  • * Mature PCA persimmons ('Zhongshi5', 'Huojing') showed higher AsA content (104.49, 48.69 mg/100 g) compared to PCNA varieties ('Jiro', 'Youhou') (69.69, 47.48 mg/100 g).
  • * AsA levels were consistently higher in PCA fruit than PCNA fruit during early developmental stages (S1-S3).
  • * Galactose metabolism was identified as a primary AsA biosynthetic pathway, with higher levels of related metabolites (Lactose, D-Tagatose, D-Sorbitol) in PCA fruit.
  • * The GME gene expression was significantly higher in PCA fruit during S1-S3 and showed the strongest correlation with AsA content (r = 690 **).
  • * Four hub genes (DNA methylation, methyltransferase, F-box, Actin-like Protein) were identified as potential regulators of GME.

Conclusions:

  • * Fruit astringency type significantly influences ascorbic acid accumulation in persimmons.
  • * Galactose metabolism and the expression of the GME gene are key factors associated with higher AsA content in PCA persimmons.
  • * Identified regulatory genes provide targets for future research into enhancing AsA levels in persimmon fruit.