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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

205
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
205
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

184
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
184
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

393
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
393
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

334
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
334
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

160
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
160
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

576
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
576

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Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

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Injectable systems for long-lasting insulin therapy.

Kumar Kulldeep Niloy1, Tao L Lowe2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|October 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New injectable insulin delivery systems offer longer glycemic control, potentially improving diabetes management and patient adherence beyond daily injections. These advancements aim for once-weekly insulin administration.

Keywords:
Composite systemsDiabetes mellitusIn situ forming depotsInjectablesInsulinInsulin analogsMicrospheresNanoparticlesSustained release

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmaceutics

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is crucial for managing diabetes and hyperglycemia.
  • Short insulin half-life (4-6 minutes) limits chronic treatment effectiveness.
  • Current insulin analogues require frequent injections, leading to compliance issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in injectable insulin analogues and delivery systems.
  • To cover the development pipeline from prototype to marketed products.
  • To explore technologies enabling long-lasting insulin release for improved diabetes care.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of scientific literature and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of various injectable delivery systems (microspheres, nanoparticles, etc.).
  • Examination of insulin analogue development using recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering.

Main Results:

  • Insulin analogues offer extended glycemic control (up to 42 hours).
  • Injectable delivery systems are being developed for once-weekly insulin administration.
  • Several long-acting insulin technologies have progressed to clinical trials and market.

Conclusions:

  • Injectable delivery systems represent a significant advancement in diabetes treatment.
  • Long-lasting insulin technologies aim to overcome limitations of frequent injections.
  • These innovations hold promise for enhanced patient compliance and diabetes management.