Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Test Cross

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

History and Dynamics of an Extensive Plant Hybrid Zone on the Great Plains of North America.

Molecular ecology·2025

Same author

Coding-Sequence Evolution Does Not Explain Divergence in Petal Anthocyanin Pigmentation Between Mimulus luteus Var luteus and M. l. variegatus.

Evolution & development·2024

Same author

Inspiratory and sigh breathing rhythms depend on distinct cellular signalling mechanisms in the preBötzinger complex.

The Journal of physiology·2024

Same author

Single cell transcriptome sequencing of inspiratory neurons of the preBötzinger complex in neonatal mice.

Scientific data·2022

Same author

Population genetics of transposable element load: A mechanistic account of observed overdispersion.

PloS one·2022

Same author

Transcriptomes of electrophysiologically recorded Dbx1-derived respiratory neurons of the preBötzinger complex in neonatal mice.

Scientific reports·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes TILLING Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes TILLING Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Published on: July 16, 2019

A Multigenerational Turing Model Reproduces Transgressive Petal Spot Phenotypes in Hybrid Mimulus.

Emily S G Simmons¹, Arielle M Cooley², Joshua R Puzey³

¹Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA.

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology

|November 2, 2023

Summary

Hybridization can create novel traits across generations. A new model explains how non-patterned parents produce offspring with unique, spotted petal patterns, advancing evolutionary genetics research.

Keywords:

Hybridization Mimulus Pattern formation Phenotypic novelty Turing model

More Related Videos

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Published on: August 11, 2010

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes TILLING Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes TILLING Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Published on: July 16, 2019

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Published on: August 11, 2010

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Evolutionary genetics
Developmental biology
Mathematical modeling

Background:

Phenotypic novelty is a central question in genetics and evolution.
Few studies examine multi-generational inheritance and phenotypic novelty in biological pattern formation.
Quantitative traits often show intermediate offspring phenotypes, but transgressive phenotypes also occur.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and analyze a model of hybridization and pattern formation.
To account for the inheritance of a diploid gene regulatory network (GRN).
To explain transgressive phenotypes observed in model organisms like Mimulus.

Main Methods:

Developed a mathematical model for multi-generational pattern formation.
Incorporated inheritance of homozygous or heterozygous alleles in a diploid GRN.
Analyzed Turing-type pattern formation dynamics.

Main Results:

The model successfully reproduced transgressive petal phenotypes.
Demonstrated how non-patterned parental phenotypes can yield patterned offspring.
Showed that hybridization involving a diploid GRN can generate novel patterns.

Conclusions:

The model provides insight into the genetic basis of transgressive phenotypes.
It aids in developing empirically testable hypotheses for evolutionary pattern formation.
Highlights the role of gene regulatory networks in generating evolutionary novelty.