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Related Concept Videos

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Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Development of the Heart01:27

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Overview of the Heart01:07

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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region
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Capturing heart valve development with Gene Ontology.

Saadullah H Ahmed1, Alexander T Deng2, Rachael P Huntley3

  • 1Functional Gene Annotation, Pre-clinical and Fundamental Science, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Genetics
|November 2, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhanced Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for heart valve development, improving the interpretation of genetic data for congenital valve disease and calcification research.

Keywords:
Gene Ontologybioinformaticsfunctional analysisgenomicsheart valve developmentproteomicstranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Heart valve development relies on coordinated signaling pathways.
  • Congenital valve disease and later-life calcification (aortic valve stenosis) impact heart health.
  • High-throughput 'omics' data require quality genetic annotations for interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for heart valve development.
  • To provide better descriptive information for interpreting cardiovascular 'omics' datasets.

Main Methods:

  • Prioritized 138 proteins for GO annotation.
  • Curated 100 peer-reviewed articles.
  • Created 400 heart valve development-relevant GO annotations.

Main Results:

  • Generated over 1000 GO annotations, with ~600 describing broader cellular roles.
  • Annotations included aortic valve morphogenesis, BMP signaling, and endocardial cushion development.
  • Improved interpretation of a genetic dataset for bicuspid aortic valve disease.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced GO annotations now better describe key proteins in heart valve development.
  • This resource aids researchers interpreting cardiovascular genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic datasets.