Noninvasive Technique for the Screening and Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of malignancy. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most prevalent type of cutaneous malignancy after basal cell carcinoma. Biopsy followed by histopathological assessment is the primary basis for assessing squamous cell carcinoma, but nowadays optical non-invasive screening modalities are gaining more importance. There has been an emphasis on implementing relatively quick, affordable, and non-invasive screening methodologies because of various limitations associated with conventional screening techniques, including the encroaching characteristic of the biopsy technique, and the increased price value for treatment. Liquid biopsy, optical detection systems, oral brush cytology, and microfluidic detection, are a few examples of these, each of which has advantages and disadvantages of their own. Dermoscopy is one of the fundamental non-invasive screening techniques used for the examination of cutaneous lesions in clinical practice. Optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound are considered to be beneficial, particularly for assessing the dimensions of tumors before surgery. The primary site of the lesions, tumor diameter, and the state of the operative borders are some factors that can influence prognosis.