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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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The violation-of-expectation paradigm: A conceptual overview.

Francesco Margoni1, Luca Surian2, Renée Baillargeon3

  • 1Department of Social Studies, Institutt for Sosialfag, University of Stavanger.

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|November 2, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The violation-of-expectation paradigm, used for over 35 years, reveals how infants learn by revising their world models when encountering unexpected events. This study offers a conceptual overview of its development and impact.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Infant Cognition

Background:

  • The violation-of-expectation (VOE) paradigm has been a cornerstone in studying infant expectations for over three decades.
  • It has explored a broad spectrum of expectations, including physical, psychological, sociomoral, biological, numerical, statistical, probabilistic, and linguistic domains.

Conclusions:

  • The VOE paradigm offers a robust framework for investigating early cognitive development and learning.
  • Continued refinement of methods promises deeper understanding of infant reasoning.
  • The paradigm highlights the crucial role of surprise in driving cognitive revision and learning in infants.