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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Evaluation of Biomarkers in Glioma by Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin-Embedded 3D Glioma Neurosphere Cultures

Evaluation of Biomarkers in Glioma by Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin-Embedded 3D Glioma Neurosphere Cultures

Published on: January 9, 2019

Significant Systemic Insulin Resistance is Associated With Unique Glioblastoma Multiforme Phenotype.

Yosef Laviv^1,2, Eilat Sapirstein^1,2, Andrew A Kanner^1,2

¹Neurosurgery Department, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.

Clinical Pathology (Thousand Oaks, Ventura County, Calif.)

|November 3, 2023

Summary

Insulin resistance markers like diabetes and obesity are linked to a specific glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) subtype with gemistocytes (GCs). This association is notable in poorly controlled diabetes patients not using insulin.

Keywords:

Gemistocytes diabetes glioblastoma insulin metabolism

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Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

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Published on: November 28, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Metabolic research
Astrogliosis

Background:

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) can exhibit gemistocytes (GCs), a reactive astrocyte phenotype.
GCs have been observed in non-neoplastic lesions associated with diabetes.
The study investigates the link between insulin resistance and GCs in newly diagnosed GBM.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the correlation between insulin resistance metabolic features and the presence of GCs in GBM patients.
To explore the association between GCs and metabolic profiles in GBM.
To investigate the role of diabetes and obesity in GBM histology.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of medical records from GBM patients.
Comparison of systemic metabolic variables between GBM patients with and without GCs.
Statistical analysis of patients with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 8.0).

Main Results:

58 (26.3%) of 220 GBM patients had type 2 diabetes (DM2).
Poorly controlled DM2 was more frequent in GC-GBM patients (18.75% vs 9.5%).
GC-GBM patients with DM2 showed male predominance (89% vs 50%) and higher rates of morbid obesity (OR 6.16, P=.0019) and mean BMI (34.1±11.42 vs 28.7±5.44).
In poorly controlled DM2, GC-GBM patients (0%) were on insulin compared to non-GC GBM patients (61.1%, P=.045).

Conclusions:

Systemic metabolic factors (DM2, obesity, male gender) correlate with the GC phenotype in GBM.
This association is prominent in poorly controlled DM2 GBM patients not using insulin.
Further research is needed on the interplay of metabolic status, GBM histology, molecular changes, and survival.