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Olfactory dysfunction among patients with COVID-19.

Feras M Alkholaiwi1, Alhanouf F Altamimi1, Hanan H Almalki1

  • 1From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.

Saudi Medical Journal
|November 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common symptom in COVID-19 patients, affecting over 34% of individuals. This symptom, often alongside gustatory dysfunction, can be an early indicator of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Keywords:
COVID-19HyposmiaSARS-CoV-2anosmiaolfactory dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) are recognized symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • Understanding the prevalence of these sensory dysfunctions is crucial for early diagnosis and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19.
  • To analyze the co-occurrence of OD with gustatory dysfunction (GD) in COVID-19 patients.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted using major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science).
  • Included studies were published in English between January 2020 and December 2021, reporting OD or OD with GD in COVID-19 patients.
  • Data from 84 articles, encompassing 36,903 patients from 27 countries, were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The overall prevalence of olfactory impairment alone was 34.60%, and in conjunction with gustatory dysfunction, it was 11.36%.
  • Specific olfactory dysfunctions included anosmia (20.85%), hyposmia (5.04%), anosmia or hyposmia (8.88%), parosmia (1.84%), phantosmia (0.78%), and hyperosmia (0.02%).
  • The majority of patients with OD (58.1%) were female.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction, with or without gustatory dysfunction, is a frequent clinical feature in COVID-19 patients.
  • These sensory changes serve as significant early indicators of COVID-19, aiding clinicians in prompt diagnosis.
  • The findings highlight the importance of assessing olfactory and gustatory function in suspected COVID-19 cases.