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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Superstructural ordering in self-sorting coacervate-based protocell networks.

Wenjing Mu1,2, Liyan Jia1,2, Musen Zhou3

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

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Researchers created self-assembling protocell networks from coacervate microdroplets. These artificial cell chains exhibit coordinated behaviors and molecular processing, paving the way for artificial tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic chemistry
  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Origin of life studies

Background:

  • Creating artificial multicellular systems with coordinated functions is challenging.
  • Understanding self-assembly principles is crucial for bottom-up construction of complex biological structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop interactive coacervate microdroplets that self-assemble into ordered protocell networks.
  • To investigate the capabilities of these networks for molecular processing and collective behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a binary population of coacervate microdroplets with dissimilar compositions.
  • Observed spontaneous self-sorting into chain-like structures with alternating microdomains.
  • Investigated macromolecular self-sorting, localized biocatalysis, and molecular translocation between droplets.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed chain-like protocell networks with alternating compositional and structural domains.
  • Demonstrated spatially localized enzyme/ribozyme biocatalysis and interdroplet molecular translocation.
  • Showcased topographical reconfiguration and application in micro-extraction for biomolecular sorting.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a methodology for self-assembly of multicomponent protocell networks via selective coacervate droplet interactions.
  • Established a foundation for creating artificial tissues and colonies with ordered architectures and collective functions.