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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization
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Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization

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Nanogel Particles Based on Modified Nucleosides and Oligosaccharides as Advanced Delivery System.

Rafael Itzhakov1,2, Hagit Hak3, Sudharsan Sadhasivam2,4

  • 1Agro-Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.

ACS Nano
|November 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel nanogel particles (NGPs) from chitosan and inosine for effective bioactive molecule delivery. These biocompatible NGPs successfully delivered nucleic acids and proteins into plant cells, showing potential for advanced applications.

Keywords:
co-deliverydrug deliverygene deliveryinosine dialdehydenanogel particlesoligochitosan

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Developing efficient and biocompatible systems for delivering bioactive molecules remains a significant challenge in various scientific fields.
  • Nature-sourced materials offer potential for creating advanced delivery vehicles due to their inherent biocompatibility and modifiability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and characterize biocompatible nanogel particles (NGPs) for the delivery of diverse bioactive molecules.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of NGPs in delivering nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs into plant cells.
  • To assess the potential of NGPs as a versatile platform for advanced molecular delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of NGPs using capryl-oligochitosan and oxidized inosine, leveraging their unique chemical properties for enhanced interactions.
  • Complexation of NGPs with model biomolecules: carboxyfluorescein-labeled single-stranded oligonucleotide (FAM-oligo), DsRed-encoding plasmid DNA, and Alexa 555-labeled bovine serum albumin (Alexa 555-BSA).
  • In vitro delivery studies in *Nicotiana benthamiana* plant cells to assess cellular uptake and co-delivery capabilities.
  • Encapsulation and evaluation of amphotericin B within NGPs to assess drug delivery, toxicity reduction, and maintained efficacy.

Main Results:

  • NGPs demonstrated successful delivery of FAM-oligo into the cytoplasm of *Nicotiana benthamiana* cells.
  • Efficient encapsulation and delivery of Alexa 555-BSA to plant cells were achieved.
  • NGPs exhibited successful co-delivery of both FAM-oligo and Alexa 555-BSA.
  • Amphotericin B encapsulated in NGPs showed reduced toxicity while retaining its therapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • The rationally designed NGPs, derived from modified chitosan and inosine, exhibit excellent biocompatibility and membrane-penetration capabilities.
  • These NGPs represent a promising and versatile platform for the co-delivery of multiple bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
  • The findings suggest broad applicability of this NGP system in advanced molecular delivery for various scientific and therapeutic applications.