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Related Concept Videos

Catenins01:23

Catenins

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Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
Catenins in Cell Junctions
Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins and link them to different cytoskeletal proteins depending on the type of cell junction. At the...
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Neurons: The Axon01:21

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment....
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The Aorta01:14

The Aorta

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The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and extends down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries. Structurally, it can be divided into four main parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta.
The average diameter of the aorta is approximately 2-3 cm, but the size can vary depending on the section of the aorta and the individual's age, sex, and body size. The aorta is...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth
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Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

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Axon, "axoff".

Amy E Baek1

  • 1Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling
|November 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Microglia-mediated demyelination protects axons from degeneration in a model of cytotoxic T cell-induced myelin damage. This finding highlights a neuroprotective role for microglia in certain immune-mediated neurological conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cytotoxic T cells can mediate myelin damage in the central nervous system.
  • Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play complex roles in neuroinflammation and repair.
  • Axonal integrity is crucial for neuronal function, and its loss contributes to permanent neurological deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of microglial demyelination in the context of cytotoxic T cell-mediated myelin perturbation.
  • To determine whether microglial activity influences the subsequent degeneration of axons.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model of cytotoxic T cell-driven demyelination.
  • Employed advanced imaging techniques to assess myelin integrity and axonal health.

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  • Quantified microglial activation and phagocytic activity in response to myelin damage.

    • Main Results:

    • Microglial-mediated phagocytosis of myelin was observed following cytotoxic T cell attack.
    • Increased microglial demyelination correlated with a reduced incidence of axonal degeneration.
    • The extent of axonal damage was significantly lower in areas with active microglial myelin clearance.

    Conclusions:

    • Microglial-driven myelin removal acts as a protective mechanism, preventing secondary axonal loss in this model.
    • These findings suggest that modulating microglial responses could be a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory diseases involving myelin damage.