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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

98.9K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

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The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers
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The mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Mårten Wikström1, Cristina Pecorilla2, Vivek Sharma3

  • 1HiLife Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Biocenter, Viikinkaari, Helsinki, Finland.

The Enzymes
|November 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III, and IV, essential for ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. It also discusses mitochondrial supercomplexes and cellular respiration.

Keywords:
BioenergeticsCell respirationCytochromesElectron transferOxidative phosphorylationOxygen consumptionProton pumpingProton transferProtonmotive forceSupercomplexes

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Physiology

Background:

  • The mitochondrial respiratory chain is crucial for cellular energy production.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation, driven by protonmotive force, synthesizes ATP.
  • Mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV are key components of this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise review of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III, and IV.
  • To discuss the structural and functional aspects of these complexes.
  • To explore mitochondrial supercomplexes and cellular respiration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mitochondrial respiratory chain function.
  • Analysis of structural and functional data for complexes I, III, and IV.
  • Summary of existing research on supercomplexes and cell respiration.

Main Results:

  • Detailed discussion of the roles of complexes I, III, and IV in generating protonmotive force.
  • Explanation of how these complexes drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Overview of mitochondrial supercomplexes as functional aggregates.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV are central to cellular energy metabolism.
  • Supercomplexes may represent a higher level of respiratory chain organization.
  • Understanding these components is vital for comprehending cell respiration.