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Related Concept Videos

The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

33.6K
DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Overview
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization
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Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization

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DNA replication machineries: Structural insights from crystallography and electron microscopy.

Rebeca Bocanegra1, María Ortíz-Rodríguez1, Lyra Zumeta1

  • 1IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.

The Enzymes
|November 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Scientists explore DNA replication mechanisms, focusing on the structure and function of the replisome (DNA replication machinery) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recent studies reveal insights into the structural organization of complete replisomes.

Keywords:
Cryo-electron microscopyDNA replication machineryReplisome structureX-ray crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA replication is crucial for transmitting genetic information across generations.
  • Understanding the protein machinery (replisome) is key to comprehending DNA replication.
  • Structural biology techniques have advanced our knowledge of DNA and protein interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural and functional insights into core replisome components.
  • To discuss recent findings on the structural organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic replisomes.
  • To highlight structure-function relationships in DNA replication machinery.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography
  • Cryo-electron microscopy
  • Review of existing literature and studies

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural information on core replisome components from various organisms.
  • Insights into how DNA replication machinery components interact.
  • Recent advancements in understanding the complete replisome structure.

Conclusions:

  • Structural studies are vital for understanding DNA replication.
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic replisomes share conserved principles but have distinct features.
  • Further research on complete replisome structures will illuminate replication fidelity and regulation.