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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Formation of Polyion Complex Aggregate Formed from a Cationic Block Copolymer and Anionic Polysaccharide.

Kazushi Ogata1, Mineo Hashizume2, Rintaro Takahashi3

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|November 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthesized polyion complex (PIC) vesicles and micelles from biocompatible poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylphosphorylcholine) and cationic poly((3-acryloylaminopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride) block copolymers. These PICs exhibit tunable structures and properties, showing potential for drug delivery applications.

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Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Block copolymers combining biocompatible poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylphosphorylcholine) (PMPC) and cationic poly((3-acryloylaminopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride) (PMAPTAC) were synthesized.
  • These copolymers were designed to form polyion complex (PIC) aggregates with anionic sodium chondroitin sulfate C (CS) in aqueous solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and characteristics of PIC aggregates, specifically vesicles and micelles, formed by PMPC-PMAPTAC block copolymers and CS.
  • To explore the influence of block copolymer composition and environmental conditions (pH, salt concentration) on PIC structure and stability.
  • To evaluate the potential of these PIC structures for encapsulating anionic molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled radical polymerization was employed to synthesize PMPC-PMAPTAC block copolymers with defined segment lengths.
  • Polyion complexation was achieved by mixing cationic block copolymers with anionic CS in phosphate-buffered saline.
  • Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements were used to characterize the hydrodynamic radius, surface charge, and aggregation number of the formed PIC structures.

Main Results:

  • A charge-neutralized mixture of P20M101 and CS formed PIC vesicles (97.2 nm hydrodynamic radius) with PMPC shells.
  • A mixture of P100M98 and CS formed PIC spherical micelles (26.4 nm hydrodynamic radius) with a PIC core and PMPC corona.
  • PIC micelle core density decreased at pH < 4 due to CS carboxylate protonation, and dissociation occurred at NaCl concentrations ≥0.6 M.

Conclusions:

  • PMPC-PMAPTAC block copolymers effectively form PIC vesicles and micelles with CS, demonstrating tunable self-assembly based on copolymer composition.
  • The pH-dependent structural changes and salt-induced dissociation highlight the responsive nature of these PIC materials.
  • The ability of positively charged PIC micelles to encapsulate anionic dyes suggests potential applications in targeted delivery systems.