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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
10.1K
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes01:33

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

6.0K
Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
6.0K
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

2.2K
Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Selective Oxidation of Glycolaldehyde to Glyoxal Using Ruthenium Complex Catalysts.

Takuya Sagawa1,2, Atsushi Kondo2, Mineo Hashizume1,2

  • 1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Japan.

Chempluschem
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new catalytic method to synthesize glyoxal from glycolaldehyde, a glucose derivative. This efficient process offers a sustainable route to produce valuable chemicals from biomass, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Keywords:
biomassglycolaldehydeglyoxaloxidationruthenium complex catalyst

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

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Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Biomass Conversion

Background:

  • Cellulose, derived from glucose, is a potential renewable carbon source.
  • Glyoxal, a key chemical intermediate, can be synthesized from glucose derivatives like glycolaldehyde.
  • Existing methods for glyoxal synthesis from glycolaldehyde are inefficient due to over-oxidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient catalytic method for synthesizing glyoxal from glycolaldehyde.
  • To overcome the challenge of glyoxal over-oxidation during synthesis.
  • To establish a sustainable route for producing glyoxal from biomass-derived feedstocks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a ruthenium complex catalyst featuring a bromophenyl terpyridine ligand.
  • Optimized reaction conditions, including solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide), temperature (100°C), and reaction time (3 hours).
  • Employed molecular oxygen (O2) as the oxidant and sodium sulfite for product isolation via bisulfite adduct precipitation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a 32% yield of glyoxal from glycolaldehyde under optimized conditions.
  • Successfully separated the glyoxal equivalent as a precipitate (bisulfite adduct) via filtration.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of separating the product from the catalyst and solvent.

Conclusions:

  • A novel catalytic method for synthesizing glyoxal from biomass-derived glycolaldehyde has been successfully developed.
  • The method provides an efficient pathway to valuable chemicals, addressing limitations of previous approaches.
  • The facile separation of the glyoxal bisulfite adduct simplifies downstream processing.