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Related Concept Videos

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
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Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

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One seasonal clock fits all?

Stephan Michel1, Laura Kervezee2

  • 1Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S5-P, 2300 RC, PO Box 9600, Leiden, The Netherlands. S.H.Michel@lumc.nl.

Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology
|November 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Organisms adapt to seasonal changes through photoperiodic regulation. Common mechanisms in insects and mammals, including the circadian system and melatonin, highlight conserved pathways relevant to human seasonal rhythms.

Keywords:
AdaptationCircadian clockComparative mechanismsNeuronal networkPhotoperiod

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative physiology
  • Chronobiology
  • Environmental adaptation

Background:

  • Seasonal adaptation is crucial for organism survival, with most research focused on reproduction.
  • Humans exhibit annual rhythms in physiology, behavior, and disease, despite minimal seasonal environmental influence.
  • Climate change necessitates understanding seasonal adaptation mechanisms due to altered environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore common principles and mechanisms of photoperiodic regulation across diverse species.
  • To highlight conserved pathways in seasonal adaptation between insects and mammals.
  • To discuss the relevance of these mechanisms for human physiology and health.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of photoperiodic regulation mechanisms in insects and mammals.
  • Review of signaling molecules (VIP, PDF) and hormones (melatonin) involved in seasonal adaptation.
  • Examination of the role of the circadian system and neurotransmitter function in photoperiodic responses.

Main Results:

  • The circadian system plays a role in photoperiodic regulation.
  • Shared signaling molecules (VIP, PDF) and the hormone melatonin are involved in seasonal adaptation in both insects and mammals.
  • Photoperiod changes impact neurotransmitter function across studied animal groups.

Conclusions:

  • Conserved mechanisms exist for seasonal adaptation in insects and mammals.
  • Understanding these conserved pathways can provide insights into human seasonal rhythms and health.
  • Further research across multiple organisms is encouraged to fully elucidate seasonal adaptation machinery.