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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Combining Proximity Ligand Assay with Gamma-H2AX Staining to Characterize Protein Interactions in DNA Damage Response
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SARS-CoV-2 and the DNA damage response.

Roger J Grand1

  • 1Institute for Cancer and Genomic Science, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

The Journal of General Virology
|November 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) damages cellular DNA, leading to genome instability and potentially contributing to long COVID. This review examines how SARS-CoV-2 impacts DNA damage responses and cell cycle regulation.

Keywords:
COVID-19DNA damage responseDNA repairSARS-CoV-2senescence

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents with severe respiratory illness and long-term effects like long COVID.
  • SARS-CoV-2, an RNA virus, affects cellular pathways, inducing cytokine storms and cellular senescence.
  • The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on genome stability and DNA damage responses (DDRs) has been understudied.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes recent evidence on SARS-CoV-2's effects on cellular DNA.
  • It examines how the virus induces genome instability, deregulates the cell cycle, and targets DDR pathways.
  • The role of virus-induced cellular senescence and its link to long COVID are also considered.

Key Points:

  • Emerging evidence shows SARS-CoV-2 causes direct DNA damage, evidenced by micronuclei, DNA repair foci, and comet tails.
  • The virus actively disrupts cellular genome stability and interferes with DNA damage response mechanisms.
  • Cellular senescence induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a significant factor with potential implications for long COVID pathology.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to significant genome instability and deregulation of cell cycle and DNA damage responses.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for addressing the long-term consequences of COVID-19, including long COVID.
  • Further research into SARS-CoV-2's genotoxic effects may reveal novel therapeutic targets.