Engineering sulfonate group donor regeneration systems to boost biosynthesis of sulfated compounds

Sulfonation as one of the most important modification reactions in nature is essential for many biological macromolecules to function. Development of green sulfonate group donor regeneration systems to efficiently sulfonate compounds of interest is always attractive. Here, we design and engineer two different sulfonate group donor regeneration systems to boost the biosynthesis of sulfated compounds. First, we assemble three modules to construct a 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) regeneration system and demonstrate its applicability for living cells. After discovering adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) as another active sulfonate group donor, we engineer a more simplified APS regeneration system that couples specific sulfotransferase. Next, we develop a rapid indicating system for characterizing the activity of APS-mediated sulfotransferase to rapidly screen sulfotransferase variants with increased activity towards APS. Eventually, the active sulfonate group equivalent values of the APS regeneration systems towards trehalose and p-coumaric acid reach 3.26 and 4.03, respectively. The present PAPS and APS regeneration systems are environmentally friendly and applicable for scaling up the biomanufacturing of sulfated products.