Lower Extremity Assistive Devices (LEADs): A Contemporary Literature Review

Area of Science:

• Orthopaedics
• Biomechanics
• Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

• Lower extremity ambulatory assistive devices (LEADs) are crucial for mobility and stability in patients with restricted weight-bearing capacity due to injury, surgery, or balance disorders.
• Optimal patient safety and function depend on orthopaedic surgeons understanding LEAD indications, fitting, energy demands, biomechanics, and potential complications.
• Traditional LEADs include canes, crutches, and walkers, with newer alternatives like knee scooters and hands-free crutches emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an updated review of normal and pathological gait biomechanics.
• To detail the most common types of LEADs available to orthopaedic surgeons.
• To discuss indications, fitting, energy expenditure, and complications associated with various LEADs.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of gait biomechanics and ambulatory assistive devices.
• Analysis of indications, fitting procedures, and energy expenditure for common LEADs.
• Evaluation of biomechanical advantages and potential complications of traditional and newer LEADs.

Main Results:

• A comprehensive understanding of gait mechanics is essential for selecting appropriate assistive devices.
• Newer LEADs offer improved mobility but have specific limitations that must be considered.
• Proper fitting and understanding of energy demands are critical for optimizing patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

• Orthopaedic surgeons require thorough knowledge of LEADs, including biomechanics and patient-specific needs, for effective prescription.
• The review highlights the importance of considering both benefits and limitations of all available assistive devices.
• This information assists in safely prescribing the most suitable LEAD to enhance patient mobility and independence.