The CASA theory no longer applies to desktop computers

The Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) theory is the most important theoretical contribution that has shaped the field of human-computer interaction. The theory states that humans interact with computers as if they are human, and is the cornerstone on which all social human-machine communication (e.g., chatbots, robots, virtual agents) are designed. However, the theory itself dates back to the early 1990s, and, since then, technology and its place in society has evolved and changed drastically. Here we show, via a direct replication of the original study, that participants no longer interact with desktop computers as if they are human. This suggests that the CASA Theory may only work for emergent technology, an important concept that needs to be taken into account when designing and researching human-computer interaction.