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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors
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NEUROD2 function is dispensable for human pancreatic β cell specification.

Perla Cota1,2,3, Lama Saber1,2,3, Damla Taskin1

  • 1Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|November 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Neurogenin differentiation factor 2 (NEUROD2) is transiently expressed during human endocrine progenitor formation. Loss of NEUROD2 does not impact human beta cell induction or alpha/beta cell generation in vitro.

Keywords:
NEUROD2endocrine cellsendocrinogenesisiPSC differentiationβ cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Human pancreatic endocrine cell development involves complex molecular programs.
  • The role of neurogenic differentiation factor 2 (NEUROD2) in human endocrinogenesis is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatiotemporal expression and function of NEUROD2 during human endocrine cell development.
  • To determine if NEUROD2 is essential for human beta cell formation.

Main Methods:

  • Generated a CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line (NEUROD2nVenus/nVenus) to track NEUROD2 expression and function.
  • Differentiated iPSCs in vitro to model human endocrine cell development.

Main Results:

  • Identified transient NEUROD2 mRNA and reporter expression during human endocrine progenitor formation.
  • Observed conserved NEUROD2 expression patterns between human and mouse endocrinogenesis.
  • Found no significant impact of NEUROD2 loss on endocrine cell induction or the generation of insulin-producing beta cells and glucagon-secreting alpha cells.

Conclusions:

  • NEUROD2 is dispensable for in vitro human beta cell formation.
  • The study provides insights into the conserved roles of NEUROD2 in mammalian endocrinogenesis.