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Vancomycin-Loaded 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Sara Pérez-Davila1,2, Carmen Potel-Alvarellos2,3, Raquel Carballo2,3

  • 1CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain.

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Summary

This study developed 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA)-hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds loaded with vancomycin to prevent infections and promote bone regeneration. The scaffolds showed significant antibacterial activity and were cytocompatible, offering personalized solutions for bone repair.

Keywords:
3D printingantibacterialbiocompatibilityhydroxyapatitepolylactic acidvancomycin

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Bone regeneration and infection prevention are critical challenges in biomedical applications.
  • Personalized, multifunctional scaffolds are needed for complex geometries and localized treatment.
  • 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) offers customizable, osseointegrative scaffolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop vancomycin-loaded 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds for dual functionality: infection prevention and personalized bone regeneration.
  • To evaluate three vancomycin loading methodologies: dip coating, drop coating, and direct incorporation during 3D printing.
  • To assess the release kinetics, antibacterial/antibiofilm activity, and cytocompatibility of the vancomycin-loaded scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds using polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite.
  • Incorporation of vancomycin via dip coating, drop coating, and direct 3D printing methods.
  • Characterization of drug release profiles, antibacterial efficacy against *Staphylococcus aureus*, antibiofilm activity, and cell viability.

Main Results:

  • All three vancomycin loading methods yielded functional drug-releasing scaffolds with significant antibacterial effects.
  • Dip and drop coating methods resulted in burst release (80-90% in 60 min) followed by sustained release up to 48 hours.
  • Direct 3D printing incorporation achieved extended vancomycin release beyond 7 days, correlating with polymer degradation.
  • Scaffolds demonstrated effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against *Staphylococcus aureus*.
  • Cytocompatibility assays confirmed the safety of vancomycin-loaded scaffolds for cellular applications.

Conclusions:

  • 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds loaded with vancomycin are feasible for localized infection prevention and bone regeneration.
  • The choice of loading methodology influences vancomycin release kinetics, offering tunable drug delivery profiles.
  • These multifunctional scaffolds hold promise for personalized orthopedic and dental applications, addressing critical clinical needs.