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Biofortification to improve food security.

Maryke Labuschagne1

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Crop biofortification enhances essential nutrients in staple foods like maize and rice. Advanced breeding techniques and genetic engineering accelerate the development of nutrient-rich crops for global food security.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition

Background:

  • Crop biofortification has advanced significantly, starting with quality protein maize.
  • Biofortified crops like maize, wheat, rice, legumes, and cassava now provide essential nutrients (Fe, Zn, provitamin A) to millions.
  • Conventional breeding takes 8-10 years, prompting the integration of advanced techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress and future directions of crop biofortification.
  • To explore the role of advanced breeding and genetic engineering in accelerating biofortification.
  • To discuss policy and seed system needs for sustainable biofortified crop adoption.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on crop biofortification.
  • Analysis of conventional breeding timelines and the impact of molecular tools.
  • Discussion of genetic engineering, genome editing (CRISPR-Cas), and their regulatory implications.

Main Results:

  • Biofortification has successfully enhanced key nutrients in major crops.
  • Molecular markers, GWAS, and genomic selection speed up breeding.
  • Genetic engineering offers multi-nutrient and climate-resilient traits, with CRISPR-Cas potentially easing regulatory hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Effective policies and accessible quality seeds are crucial for sustainable production and adoption.
  • Combining genetic engineering with conventional breeding is key for future multi-nutrient crop improvement.
  • Expanding crop and nutrient targets for biofortification holds significant potential.