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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
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Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:28

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Overcoming Uncertainties in Electrogram-Based Atrial Fibrillation Mapping: A Review.

Simanto Saha1, Dominik Linz2, Dyuti Saha3

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia. simanto.saha@ieee.org.

Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology
|November 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Interpreting intracardiac bipolar electrograms (EGMs) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is complex. Addressing uncertainties in electrode characteristics and wave dynamics can improve cardiac mapping tools for better AF substrate analysis.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationBipolar electrogram (EGM)Cardiac conduction systemCardiac mappingCatheter ablationMulti-electrode array

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiac Electrophysiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Intracardiac bipolar electrograms (EGMs) are crucial for understanding atrial fibrillation (AF) triggers and substrates.
  • Interpreting these EGMs is challenging due to ambiguities in electrode properties, mapping algorithms, and wave propagation dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the impact of uncertainties on cardiac mapping tools for AF substrate characterization.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of critical variables for developing more precise cardiac mapping tools.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Analysis of variables influencing EGM interpretation, including wave propagation, electrode characteristics, and signal processing.

Main Results:

  • Uncertainties arise from wave propagation vector, incidence angle, inter-electrode spacing, electrode geometry, and tissue contact.
  • Signal preprocessing and mapping density significantly affect electro-anatomical representation and feature extraction.
  • Superposition of multiple waves further complicates EGM interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating uncertainties into cardiac mapping is essential for accurate intra-atrial dynamic interpretation.
  • Addressing these variables will lead to more precise cardiac mapping tools for AF management.