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Exploring Perceptions About Paracetamol, Tramadol, and Codeine on Twitter Using Machine Learning: Quantitative and

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Social media discussions reveal patients prioritize pain relief effectiveness over side effects for analgesics like paracetamol, codeine, and tramadol. Concerns exist regarding trivialization and lack of awareness about potential addiction risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Social Media Analysis
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Paracetamol, codeine, and tramadol are widely used analgesics.
  • Their over-the-counter availability raises concerns about potential opioid addiction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze Twitter users' perceptions and experiences with paracetamol, codeine, and tramadol.
  • To identify trends in discussions regarding drug efficacy, adverse effects, and nonmedical content.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 152,056 tweets in English and Spanish from January 2019 to December 2020.
  • Categorization of tweets by user type, medical content (efficacy, adverse effects), scientific accuracy, and nonmedical themes.
  • Machine learning classifiers trained on 1000 manually classified tweets per drug.

Main Results:

  • Patients constituted 73.10% of users discussing these analgesics.
  • Nonmedical content, including trivialization, dominated discussions on weak opioids (tramadol, codeine) (73.9%).
  • Paracetamol discussions showed a higher prevalence of medical content (66.8%), with limited reporting of sufficient efficacy (6.9%).

Conclusions:

  • Patients are primarily interested in drug effectiveness, often overlooking potential side effects.
  • Social media exhibits concerning trends of drug use trivialization and recreational discussions.
  • Monitoring online analgesic conversations is crucial due to illegal sales and prescription-free purchases.