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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Locomotor and respiratory muscle abnormalities in HFrEF and HFpEF
Norman Mangner1, Ephraim B Winzer1, Axel Linke1
1Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Abstract:
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic and progressive syndrome affecting worldwide billions of patients. Exercise intolerance and early fatigue are hallmarks of HF patients either with a reduced (HFrEF) or a preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction. Alterations of the skeletal muscle contribute to exercise intolerance in HF. This review will provide a contemporary summary of the clinical and molecular alterations currently known to occur in the skeletal muscles of both HFrEF and HFpEF, and thereby differentiate the effects on locomotor and respiratory muscles, in particular the diaphragm. Moreover, current and future therapeutic options to address skeletal muscle weakness will be discussed focusing mainly on the effects of exercise training.
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