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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Bacteriophage-Host Interactions and Coevolution.

Diana M Álvarez-Espejo1, Dácil Rivera2, Andrea I Moreno-Switt3

  • 1Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 15, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophages (phages) are crucial for bacterial population control. This review covers early phage-bacteria interactions, host defenses, and ecological models, highlighting their importance for phage therapies.

Keywords:
Antagonistic coevolutionBacteriophageInteractionsReceptor-binding proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous viruses that infect bacteria, significantly influencing bacterial populations and microbial community structure.
  • Phage-bacteria interactions are complex, involving initial molecular recognition, host defense mechanisms, and co-evolutionary dynamics.
  • Understanding these interactions is vital for harnessing phage potential in clinical and industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on early-stage phage-bacteria interactions, focusing on receptor-binding proteins.
  • To explore bacterial resistance and counter-resistance strategies against phage infection.
  • To summarize ecological and evolutionary models governing phage-bacteria dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on phage-bacteria interactions.
  • Synthesis of information on molecular mechanisms of host recognition and defense.
  • Analysis of ecological and evolutionary models and their applications.

Main Results:

  • Early phage-bacteria interactions are primarily mediated by specific receptor-binding proteins on the phage surface.
  • Bacteria employ diverse resistance mechanisms, while phages evolve counter-resistance strategies, leading to an ongoing evolutionary arms race.
  • Sequencing and metagenomics have significantly advanced the study of phage-bacteria interactions, revealing their complexity in natural environments.

Conclusions:

  • Phage-bacteria interactions are fundamental to microbial ecology and evolution.
  • Further research into these interactions is essential for developing effective phage-based therapies and biotechnological applications.
  • Expanding studies beyond model systems is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of phage-bacteria dynamics.