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Epigenetic mechanisms underlying sex differences in the brain and behavior
Marija Kundakovic1, Maria Tickerhoof1
1Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
Trends in Neurosciences
|November 15, 2023
Summary
Epigenetic mechanisms influence sex differences in the brain throughout life. These mechanisms, driven by hormones, chromosomes, and environment, impact neurobehavioral changes and brain diseases.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Genetics
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Sex differences are evident in brain structure, function, and disease prevalence.
- Brain sexual differentiation begins prenatally and continues throughout life.
- Key factors influencing sexual differentiation include gonadal hormones, sex chromosomes, and environmental interactions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of epigenetic mechanisms in sex-specific neurobehavioral changes.
- To explore how epigenetic mechanisms mediate the lifelong effects of sex differentiation factors.
- To identify future research directions for understanding brain sex differences and informing treatments.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing scientific literature on epigenetics and sex differences in the brain.
- Analysis of evidence linking epigenetic modifications to neurobehavioral outcomes.
- Synthesis of findings related to critical developmental periods, the estrous cycle, and environmental influences.
Main Results:
- Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for mediating sex-specific neurobehavioral changes.
- These epigenetic effects are observed during critical organizational periods and throughout life.
- Epigenetic regulation is influenced by gonadal hormones, sex chromosomes, and environmental factors.
Conclusions:
- Epigenetic mechanisms provide a framework for understanding brain sex differences.
- Further research into these mechanisms can lead to targeted treatments for brain diseases, particularly benefiting women's health.
- Understanding brain sex differences has implications for all genders.
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