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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

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Partners in diabetes epidemic: A global perspective.

Huan Wang1,2, Safoura Akbari-Alavijeh3,4, Ranjit S Parhar5

  • 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China.

World Journal of Diabetes
|November 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights key factors in diabetes development, including insulin signaling, genetics, and the gut microbiome. Further research and collaboration are crucial for effective diabetes management and control.

Keywords:
DiabetesDiabetes mellitusEndocrinologyEnvironmentGenesGut microbiotaInsulin signalingMetabolic disorderMitochondriaObesity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Global rise in obesity and diabetes necessitates understanding complex disease mechanisms.
  • Diabetes involves intricate physiological dysfunctions including insulin resistance, genetic predispositions, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major determinants of diabetes, focusing on insulin signaling, genetics, environment, lipid metabolism, and mitochondria.
  • To explore the role and mechanisms of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across major databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane).
  • Inclusion of 144 full-length articles encompassing laboratory experiments, epidemiological data, clinical trials, and meta-analyses.
  • Assessment of diverse evidence including experimental models and review articles.

Main Results:

  • Identified insulin signaling, genetics, environment, obesity, lipid metabolism, and mitochondria as critical factors in diabetes.
  • Highlighted emerging evidence implicating gut microbiome as a significant regulator in diabetes development.
  • Discussed challenges and the need for further research in diabetes etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder influenced by multiple interconnected factors.
  • The gut microbiome presents a promising area for future therapeutic strategies in diabetes.
  • Emphasized the need for collaborative research between academia and industry for accelerated progress in diabetes control.