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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Survey Methodology

Background:

  • Measurement scales often use both regular and reversed items.
  • Reversed items may introduce artificial factors, complicating construct dimensionality.
  • Methodologists debate excluding reversed items due to potential comprehension issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare response difficulty and item extremity as explanations for construct dimensionality distortion.
  • To investigate the impact of different types of reversed items on factor analysis results.

Main Methods:

  • Two types of reversed items were created: negation and polar opposites.
  • Negation items were designed with higher response difficulty.
  • Extreme wording was manipulated in items to test extremity effects.

Main Results:

  • Polar opposite items, especially with extreme wording, loaded on a distinct factor from regular items.
  • Negation items did not show this distinct factor loading when extreme wording was used.
  • Item extremity, rather than response difficulty, was supported as the primary cause of dimensionality distortion.

Conclusions:

  • Item extremity is a more significant factor in causing dimensionality distortion in measurement scales than response difficulty.
  • Scale developers should carefully consider item wording extremity to avoid artificial factors.
  • Polar opposite items pose a greater risk for distorting construct dimensionality.