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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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What is a symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children? A systematic review on its definition.

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Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach
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Tarsal coalition in adults.

Nazim Mehdi1, Alessio Bernasconi2, François Lintz1

  • 1Clinique de l'Union, centre de chirurgie de la cheville et du pied, boulevard de Ratalens, 31240 Saint-Jean, France.

Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research : OTSR
|November 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Tarsal coalition, an abnormal union of foot bones, can cause pain and flatfoot. Diagnosis relies on imaging like weight-bearing CT, with treatment ranging from conservative measures to surgery involving resection or fusion.

Keywords:
Spastic flatfootSubtalar fusionTarsal coalition

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Podiatry
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Tarsal coalition is the abnormal fusion of two or more tarsal bones, occurring congenitally or acquired.
  • It presents with vague symptoms, often leading to delayed diagnosis via conventional X-rays.
  • Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions are most common, causing pain due to biomechanical disruption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition, diagnosis, treatment, and expected outcomes of adult tarsal coalition.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and advancements in imaging techniques.
  • To provide guidance on surgical versus non-operative management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tarsal coalition, focusing on diagnostic modalities and treatment options.
  • Analysis of imaging techniques including conventional X-ray, CT, MRI, and tomoscintigraphy.
  • Evaluation of surgical approaches (resection vs. arthrodesis) and non-operative management.

Main Results:

  • Tarsal coalition involves bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous unions, primarily affecting talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular joints.
  • Weight-bearing CT is the current gold standard for diagnosis, offering 3D visualization.
  • Non-operative treatments include orthoses and rehabilitation; surgery is frequent, with resection preferred for <50% joint involvement without osteoarthritis, otherwise fusion is indicated.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of tarsal coalition requires advanced imaging, with weight-bearing CT being superior.
  • Treatment choice depends on coalition type, location, extent, and joint integrity.
  • Surgical resection or fusion can restore function, but outcomes vary based on the chosen method and patient factors.