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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Types Of Superconductors01:28

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Design principles for sodium superionic conductors.

Shuo Wang1, Jiamin Fu2,3, Yunsheng Liu1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.

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|November 22, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered new sodium superionic conductors for sustainable sodium batteries. A key design principle, face-sharing sites, led to chloride-based materials with record ionic conductivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • High-performance solid-state lithium batteries utilize lithium superionic conductors.
  • Sodium batteries offer potential for high energy, low cost, and sustainability.
  • Developing solid-state sodium batteries requires sodium superionic conductors with high ionic conductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify design principles for fast sodium-ion conductors.
  • To discover novel sodium superionic conductor materials.
  • To enable the development of advanced solid-state sodium batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative study of lithium-ion and sodium-ion conducting solids' structures and diffusion mechanisms.
  • Application of identified structural features as a design principle.
  • Experimental validation of newly discovered sodium-ion conductors.

Main Results:

  • Revealed face-sharing high-coordination sites as a key feature for fast sodium-ion conduction.
  • Discovered multiple new sodium-ion conductors across oxide, sulfide, and halide material classes.
  • Identified a chloride-based family (Na xM yCl 6, M = La-Sm) with UCl 3-type structure exhibiting the highest reported ionic conductivity.

Conclusions:

  • Established design principles for fast ion-conducting materials.
  • Paved the way for developing superior sodium-ion conductors for sodium batteries.
  • Consolidated fundamental understanding for diverse energy applications requiring fast ion transport.