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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
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Osteoclasts at Bone Remodeling: Order from Order.

Jiro Takito1, Naoko Nonaka2

  • 1Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan. takito@dent.showa-u.ac.jp.

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|November 23, 2023
PubMed
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Osteoclast formation is complex, involving cell fusion and nucleus replacement rather than just new cell creation. Understanding these processes and the macrophage colony-stimulating factor/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (M-CSF/RANKL) network is key to bone health.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Bone Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Osteoclasts, multinucleated bone-resorbing cells, originate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage.
  • The macrophage colony-stimulating factor/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (M-CSF/RANKL) signaling pathway regulates osteoclast differentiation.
  • Traditional understanding posits osteoclast apoptosis post-resorption, but in vivo studies reveal nucleus replacement mechanisms.

Approach:

  • Reviewing current literature on osteoclastogenesis, focusing on mechanisms driving heterogeneity and plasticity.
  • Examining candidate processes such as asymmetric cell division, niche interactions, self-organization, and fusion/fission dynamics.
  • Analyzing the role of the M-CSF/RANKL network in governing osteoclast formation and behavior.

Key Points:

  • In vivo osteoclastogenesis involves nucleus replacement in existing cells, minimizing de novo osteoclast formation.
  • Osteoclast size is dynamic, influenced by cell fusion and fission in response to environmental cues.
  • In vitro osteoclastogenesis exhibits heterogeneity in precursors, fusion modes, and differentiated cell properties.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanisms like asymmetric cell division, niche factors, self-organization, and fusion/fission contribute to osteoclast heterogeneity.
  • Further research into the plasticity and fluctuations of the M-CSF/RANKL network is crucial for understanding bone remodeling.
  • Elucidating these complex processes offers insights into bone diseases and potential therapeutic targets.