Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Enhanced Wound Healing

Wound healing is a highly orchestrated biological process characterized by sequential phases involving inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling, and the role of endogenous electrical signals in regulating these phases has been highlighted. Recently, external electrostimulation has been shown to enhance these processes by promoting cell migration, extracellular matrix formation, and growth factor release while suppressing pro-inflammatory signals and reducing the risk of infection. Among the innovative approaches, piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators have emerged as the next generation of flexible and wireless electronics designed for energy harvesting and efficiently converting mechanical energy into electrical power. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the emerging field of nanogenerators for harnessing electrical stimulation to accelerate wound healing. We elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of wound healing and relevant bioelectric physiology, as well as the principles underlying each nanogenerator technology, and review their preclinical applications. In addition, we address the prominent challenges and outline the future prospects for this emerging era of electrical wound-healing devices.