Cooperative Fe sites on transition metal (oxy)hydroxides drive high oxygen evolution activity in base

Fe-containing transition-metal (oxy)hydroxides are highly active oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts in alkaline media and ubiquitously form across many materials systems. The complexity and dynamics of the Fe sites within the (oxy)hydroxide have slowed understanding of how and where the Fe-based active sites form-information critical for designing catalysts and electrolytes with higher activity and stability. We show that where/how Fe species in the electrolyte incorporate into host Ni or Co (oxy)hydroxides depends on the electrochemical history and structural properties of the host material. Substantially less Fe is incorporated from Fe-spiked electrolyte into Ni (oxy)hydroxide at anodic potentials, past the nominally Ni^2+/3+ redox wave, compared to during potential cycling. The Fe adsorbed under constant anodic potentials leads to impressively high per-Fe OER turn-over frequency (TOF_Fe) of ~40 s^-1 at 350 mV overpotential which we attribute to under-coordinated "surface" Fe. By systematically controlling the concentration of surface Fe, we find TOF_Fe increases linearly with the Fe concentration. This suggests a changing OER mechanism with increased Fe concentration, consistent with a mechanism involving cooperative Fe sites in FeO_x clusters.