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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Chi-square Analysis02:46

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The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
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When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Streamlining Rice Breeding with CRISPR/Cas for Obtaining Optimal Phenotypic and Agronomic Traits
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Unveiling the Genetic Basis Underlying Rice Anther Culturability via Segregation Distortion Analysis in Doubled

Bin Sun1,2, Xiaorui Ding3, Junhua Ye1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.

Genes
|November 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies genetic loci controlling anther culture (AC) in rice, revealing segregation distortion (SD) and epistatic interactions that influence microspore regeneration. These findings advance understanding of AC

Keywords:
anther culturedoubled haploidricesegregation distortion

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Agricultural science
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Anther culture (AC) is crucial for rice breeding but its genetic basis is poorly understood.
  • Segregation distortion (SD) occurs during AC, complicating the analysis of desirable traits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To dissect the genetic mechanisms underlying anther culturability in rice.
  • To identify segregation distortion loci (SDLs) and epistatic interactions (EPIs) influencing AC.

Main Methods:

  • Generated a doubled haploid (DH) population from a *japonica* hybrid rice using AC.
  • Constructed a 470 SNP genetic map and performed single- and two-locus SD analyses.
  • Identified SDLs and epistatic interactions affecting anther culturability.

Main Results:

  • Identified five SDLs potentially linked to anther culturability, with varying allele origins (female/male parent).
  • Discovered six pairs of epistatic interactions influencing two-locus SDs.
  • Found overlap between EPIs and SDL1.1, suggesting its role in both additive and epistatic regulation of AC.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic control of rice anther culturability involves both additive and epistatic mechanisms.
  • Identified SDLs and EPIs provide a foundation for discovering genes controlling AC.
  • Insights gained can enhance the efficiency of AC in rice breeding programs.