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Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

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Thyroid Disease and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Lambros Athanassiou1, Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou2, Georgia Kaiafa3

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, 16673 Athens, Greece.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|November 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients show a higher incidence of thyroid disease and detectable antithyroid antibodies compared to controls. This suggests a predisposition to thyroid disorders in a subset of lupus patients.

Keywords:
autoimmune thyroid diseasehyperthyroidismhypothyroidismsystemic lupus erythematosusthyroglobulin antibodiesthyroid peroxidase antibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Rheumatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are frequently associated with autoimmune conditions.
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with wide-ranging effects.
  • The specific relationship between SLE and autoimmune thyroid disease warrants further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between SLE and autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and antithyroid antibodies in SLE patients.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 45 SLE patients and 45 age/sex-matched controls over 12 months.
  • Assessment for clinical thyroid disease (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism).
  • Measurement of antithyroid antibodies, including thyroid peroxidase (TPOab) and thyroglobulin (Tgab).

Main Results:

  • Higher incidence of primary hypothyroidism (8.9%), subclinical hypothyroidism (11.11%), and hyperthyroidism (2.22%) in SLE patients versus controls.
  • Euthyroid sick syndrome observed in 11.11% of SLE patients.
  • Significantly higher prevalence of TPOab (p < 0.05) and Tgab (p < 0.05) in SLE patients compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical thyroid disease is more prevalent in SLE patients than in the general population.
  • A significant number of SLE patients exhibit detectable antithyroid antibodies.
  • SLE patients may have an increased predisposition to developing thyroid disease, necessitating screening.