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Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2025

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Replication-Competent HIV-2 Isolated from Controllers and Progressors.

Cynthia Lungu¹, Ronald J Overmars¹, Esmée Grundeken¹

¹Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

|November 25, 2023

Summary

Most individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) do not progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Genetic analysis of HIV-2 from controllers and progressors revealed no specific viral defects linked to non-progression.

Keywords:

HIV-2 Tat long-term non-progressors transactivation

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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

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Published on: October 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection outcomes vary, with some individuals developing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) while others remain asymptomatic long-term non-progressors (controllers).
Replication-competent HIV-2 from controllers exhibit lower replication rates compared to viruses from progressors.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify potential retroviral genetic factors correlating with disease progression in HIV-2.
To investigate genotypic differences between HIV-2 from controllers and progressors.

Main Methods:

Sequencing of near full-length HIV-2 genomes from controllers and progressors.
Phylogenetic analysis to identify genetic correlates of disease progression.
Cell-based assays to assess transcriptional activity of long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Tat proteins.

Main Results:

No specific genotypic defects were identified in HIV-2 from controllers that could explain non-progression.
Tat-induced, LTR-mediated transcriptional activity was comparable between viruses from controllers and progressors.
Results are based on a small sample size and require cautious interpretation.

Conclusions:

The study did not find viral genetic factors that determine HIV-2 non-progression.
HIV-2 disease progression may be established early in the infection, potentially before or during viral integration.