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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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Influence of crouch angle on lower-extremity kinetic gait profile and walk distance in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Crouch Gait in Cerebral Palsy: Current Concepts Review.

Ritesh Arvind Pandey1, Ashok N Johari2, Triveni Shetty3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Phulwari Sharif, Aurangabad Road, Patna, Bihar 801507 India.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|November 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Crouch gait in cerebral palsy presents management challenges due to its complex causes. Current literature suggests combined surgical and non-operative approaches, with growth modulation showing promise for younger patients.

Keywords:
Cerebral palsyChildCrouch gaitKneeSpastic diplegia

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Crouch gait is the most prevalent pathological gait in cerebral palsy, particularly spastic diplegia.
  • It is defined by excessive knee flexion during the stance phase of the gait cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review current literature on crouch gait in cerebral palsy.
  • To understand its etiology, pathophysiology, biomechanics, natural history, evaluation, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted.
  • Key areas explored include etiology, pathophysiology, biomechanics, natural history, clinical/radiological evaluation, and treatment options.

Main Results:

  • The etiology is multifactorial with poorly understood pathophysiology, complicating management.
  • Non-operative methods and spasticity reduction are effective for younger children.
  • Surgical interventions, including single event multilevel surgery and growth modulation (anterior distal femur hemiepiphysiodesis), are often necessary due to the progressive nature of crouch gait.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge gaps persist regarding the etiopathogenesis and biomechanics of crouch gait.
  • Further research using instrumented gait analysis is recommended.
  • Comparative trials focusing on long-term outcomes of various treatments are needed.