In Situ Atomic-Scale Quantitative Evidence of Plastic Activities Resulting in Reparable Deformation in...

Permanent structural changes in pure metals that are caused by plastic activity are normally irreparable after unloading. Because of the lack of experimental evidence, it is unclear whether the plastic activity can be repaired as the size of the pure metals decreases to several nanometers; it is also unclear how the metals accommodate the plastic deformation. In this study, the in situ atomic-scale loading and unloading of ∼2 nm Ag nanocrystals was investigated, and three modes of plastic deformation were observed: (i) the phase transition from the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase, (ii) stacking faults, and (iii) deformation twin nucleation. We show that all three modes resulted in structural changes that were reparable, and their generation and restoration during loading and unloading were observed in situ. We discovered that the deformation modes of nanosized metals can be predicted from the ratio of the energy barriers of the fcc-hcp phase transition (Δγ_H) and the deformation twin nucleation (Δγ_T), which differ from those of the theoretical modes of relatively large-sized metals. The proposed Δγ_H/Δγ_T criterion provides insights into the deformation mechanism of nanometals.