Layer-Structured Multitransition-Metal Oxide Cathode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries with Long Cycling Lifespan...

Manganese (Mn)-based layer-structured transition metal oxides are considered as excellent cathode materials for potassium ion batteries (KIBs) owing to their low theoretical cost and high voltage plateau. The energy density and cycling lifetime, however, cannot simultaneously satisfy the basic requirements of the market for energy storage systems. One of the primary causes results from the complex structural transformation and transition metal migration during the ion intercalation and deintercalation process. The orbital and electronic structure of the octahedral center metal element plays an important role for maintaining the octahedral structural integrity and improving the K⁺ diffusivity by the introduced heterogeneous [Me-O] chemical bonding. A multitransition metal oxide, P3-type K_0.5Mn_0.85Co_0.05Fe_0.05Al_0.05O₂ (KMCFAO), was synthesized and employed as a cathode material for KIBs. Beneficial from the larger layer spacing for K⁺ to better accommodate and effectively preventing the irreversible structural transformation in the insertion/extraction process, it can reach a superior capacity retention up to 96.8% after 300 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g^-1. The full cell of KMCFAO//hard carbon exhibits an encouraging promising energy density of 113.8 W h kg^-1 at 100 mA g^-1 and a capacity retention of 72.6% for 500 cycles.