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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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A Versatile Comonomer Additive for Radically Recyclable Vinyl-derived Polymers.

Autumn M Mineo1, Reika Katsumata1

  • 1Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method for chemically recycling vinyl polymers by incorporating a cyclic allyl sulfide additive. This allows for controlled chain scission and re-extension, enabling closed-loop recycling and upcycling of polymer waste.

Keywords:
Addition-Fragmentation-TransferBlock CopolymersClosed-LoopRecyclingUpcycling

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Vinyl-derived polymers constitute a significant portion of global polymer production.
  • The stable carbon-carbon bonds in these polymers present substantial challenges for chemical recycling.
  • Existing recycling methods often struggle with efficiency and material degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a universal method for the chemical recycling of vinyl-derived polymers.
  • To introduce dynamic motifs into polymer backbones for controlled degradation and regeneration.
  • To enable both closed-loop recycling and upcycling of post-consumer polymer waste.

Main Methods:

  • Copolymerization of vinyl monomers with a cyclic allyl sulfide (CAS) additive under free-radical conditions.
  • Post-polymerization radical rearrangement via addition-fragmentation-transfer (AFT) for chain scission.
  • Selective induction of chain scission using small molecule thiyl radicals.
  • Re-extension of oligomers with monomers to achieve tunable molar masses and block copolymers.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful copolymerization of CAS with various vinyl monomers, introducing dynamic main-chain allyl sulfide motifs.
  • Achieved selective chain scission of copolymers, reducing molar mass to as low as 14% of the original.
  • Showcased efficient re-extension of oligomers, retaining allyl sulfide end groups for further polymerization.
  • Successfully completed two cycles of scission-extension with methyl methacrylate and styrene without increasing dispersity.
  • Synthesized block copolymers through oligomer extension, illustrating upcycling potential.

Conclusions:

  • The developed AFT-based approach provides a universal and efficient method for the chemical recycling of vinyl-derived polymers.
  • This technique enables true closed-loop recycling under radical conditions.
  • The method facilitates the upcycling of waste polymers into higher-value materials like block copolymers.