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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells
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Recent progress in miRNA biogenesis and decay.

Xavier Bofill-De Ros1,2, Ulf Andersson Vang Ørom1

  • 1RNA Biology and Innovation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

RNA Biology
|November 30, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details microRNA biogenesis and regulation, from nuclear transcription to cytoplasmic decay. Understanding microRNA homeostasis is key for developing new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
miRNA biogenesismiRNA decaymiRNA stabilitymiRNA targetingmiRNA therapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs controlling protein synthesis by binding mRNA.
  • miRNA biogenesis involves nuclear transcription, processing, and cytoplasmic maturation.
  • Cytoplasmic decay mechanisms regulate mature miRNA levels, impacting cellular homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the complete miRNA lifecycle.
  • To highlight the regulatory steps involved in maintaining miRNA homeostasis.
  • To underscore the therapeutic potential of miRNA regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on miRNA biogenesis and regulation.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing miRNA stability and degradation.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on miRNA homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of miRNA processing from transcription to cytoplasmic function.
  • Explanation of regulatory checkpoints controlling miRNA levels.
  • Identification of key factors influencing miRNA lifetime and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive understanding of miRNA regulation is crucial for maintaining cellular balance.
  • miRNA homeostasis is tightly controlled at multiple biological stages.
  • Targeting miRNA pathways offers promising therapeutic strategies for various diseases.