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Are values stable throughout adulthood? Evidence from two German long-term panel studies.

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Contrary to prior beliefs, adult values continue to develop throughout life. This study used longitudinal data to show how personal values evolve across the lifespan, even into adulthood.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Lifespan Development

Background:

  • Previous research on value development often relied on cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal data, offering a limited perspective on lifespan changes.
  • A prevailing view suggested that value development largely concludes by adolescence or early adulthood.
  • Understanding long-term value trajectories is crucial for developmental psychology and social sciences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the continuation and patterns of value development throughout adulthood using extensive longitudinal data.
  • To challenge the existing literature's consensus on the cessation of value development in adulthood.
  • To examine how different value orientations (self-transcendence, conservation, self-enhancement, openness to change) evolve across the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multiple longitudinal data sources with two measurement instruments, ensuring comparability via confirmatory Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) in Study 1 (N = 1,027).
  • Employed latent growth models to analyze value development in a specialized sample of highly educated German peace activists (Study 2, N = 1,209).
  • Corroborated findings using a large, representative German population sample (Study 3, N = 19,566).

Main Results:

  • Found that personal values continue to develop throughout adulthood, contrary to the established consensus.
  • Observed age-related increases in self-transcendence and conservation values, and decreases in self-enhancement values up to age 40.
  • Identified distinct trajectories for openness to change (curvilinear in Study 2, decreasing in Study 3) and noted educational differences in conservation and self-enhancement development within the German population.

Conclusions:

  • Value development is a lifelong process that extends significantly into adulthood.
  • The findings necessitate a revision of existing theories on lifespan value development.
  • Implications for psychological interventions and educational strategies aimed at fostering specific value orientations are discussed.