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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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Brain regulatory T cells.

Adrian Liston1, Emanuela Pasciuto2,3, Denise C Fitzgerald4

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. al989@cam.ac.uk.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|December 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are crucial for immune regulation and repair in the central nervous system. These cells offer a promising therapeutic target for various neurological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Research
  • Immunoregulation

Background:

  • The brain was traditionally considered immune-privileged but is now understood to be integrated with the peripheral immune system.
  • Immune-brain interactions require regulatory mechanisms, with brain regulatory T cells (Treg cells) playing a key role.
  • Treg cells in the brain are dynamic, constantly being replenished and specializing for brain residency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of brain Treg cells.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of Treg cells in neurological diseases.
  • To discuss future directions for integrating Treg cell therapies into clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on brain Treg cell biology and function.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic strategies targeting Treg cells.
  • Discussion of novel brain delivery mechanisms for immunomodulatory therapies.

Main Results:

  • Brain Treg cells suppress glial reactivity and aid in tissue repair following neurological insults.
  • Treg cells modulate adaptive immunity within the CNS.
  • Emerging evidence highlights their multifaceted roles beyond immune suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Brain Treg cells are a versatile and potent therapeutic target for a wide range of neurological disorders.
  • Therapeutic approaches including Treg cell therapy and IL-2 therapy are under development.
  • Enhanced brain delivery of therapeutics is key to maximizing efficacy for neurological conditions.