A comprehensive review of applications of artificial intelligence in echocardiography

Echocardiography plays a crucial role in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Artificial intelligence has emerged as a high-precision tool to automate echocardiographic analysis. This review discusses AI algorithms that have been utilized at various steps of echocardiographic analysis such as image acquisition, standard view classification, cardiac chamber segmentation, quantification of cardiac structure and function and aid diagnosis. The under-discussion AI models demonstrated high accuracy comparable to experts in view classification, measurement of cardiac structure and function and diagnosis of conditions such as cardiomyopathies. This review also discusses potential benefits and the value of AI in revolutionizing healthcare. It also explores the limitations such as the lack of large annotated datasets to train AI models and potential algorithm biases making it challenging to translate the benefits of AI into wider clinical practice.