Between ethnic diversity and immigration: Perceptions toward immigrants in a globalizing world

This study examines how ethnic diversity and immigration at the national level influence individual perceptions toward immigrants in a cross-national context. Including both Western and non-Western countries, we specifically explore whether cumulative exposure to ethnic diversity and the current size of immigrants have dissimilar effects on individual perceptions. Results from multilevel regression analysis suggest that the level of ethnic diversity is positively associated with perceptions toward immigrants, while the number of immigrants is negatively related to immigrant perceptions. Furthermore, we find that social capital matters in reshaping these relationships: At least for individuals having high levels of social capital, the relationship between living in an ethnically diverse society and their favorable perceptions toward immigrants is strengthened while the association between observing a large number of immigrants and having negative perceptions is weakened. This research provides implications for understanding cross-national difference of individual perceptions on immigrants in our diversifying world.