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Updated: Jul 9, 2025
Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
Published on: May 20, 2016
Formulation, optimization and evaluation of amisulpride-loaded niosomal intranasal gel for brain targeting
Vinayak S Patil1, Kishori P Sutar1, Rachana D Pockle1
1Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
Abstract:
Aim: To develop stable non-ionic surfactant vesicles containing amisulpride (AMS) to improve brain uptake via nose to brain mechanism. Methods: Niosomes were developed using a modified ethanol injection technique, optimized using 32 factorial design and evaluated for the vesicle size (VS), percent encapsulation efficiency (EE), zeta potential (ZP) and % cumulative drug release (%CDR). Results: Optimized niosomes (Span-60: cholesterol ratio 0:1) showed 191.4 nm VS, 84.25% EE, -38.2 ZP and 81.31% CDR. In situ gel with these niosomes displayed 78% CDR. TEM analysis revealed spherical niosomes. Pharmacokinetic and brain tissue distribution studies in rats showed enhanced plasma and brain concentrations, indicating successful brain targeting. Conclusion: This strategy demonstrates improved AMS permeation via the nasal cavity, enhancing bioavailability for treating schizophrenia.
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