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Related Concept Videos

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential;...
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Topical section: embryonic models (2023) for Current Opinion in Genetics & Development.

Charlotte E Handford1, Sergi Junyent1, Victoria Jorgensen1

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
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Stem cell-based embryo models offer new ways to study mammalian development. Recent advances provide powerful tools, but model imperfections reveal key knowledge gaps for future embryology research.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Research
  • Mammalian Embryogenesis

Background:

  • Traditional mammalian embryo studies are limited by ethical and technical constraints.
  • Stem cell technologies offer alternative avenues for investigating early embryonic development.
  • The development of in vitro embryo models is crucial for understanding fundamental biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in stem cell-based mammalian embryo models.
  • To highlight the utility of these models in exploring developmental mechanisms.
  • To identify current limitations and future research directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on stem cell-derived embryo models.
  • Analysis of the capabilities and limitations of current model systems.
  • Discussion of genetic and epigenetic perturbation techniques applicable to these models.

Main Results:

  • A wide array of stem cell-based mammalian embryo models have recently been developed.
  • These models demonstrate increasing fidelity to natural embryonic development.
  • Imperfections within these models provide critical insights into developmental processes.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell-based embryo models represent a significant breakthrough in developmental biology.
  • Further refinement of these models will accelerate the understanding of embryogenesis.
  • This field is entering a new, exciting phase of discovery in embryology.