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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Tehran - HAMRAH study.

Zahra Ghaemmaghami1, Parisa Firoozbakhsh2, Delara Gholami3

  • 1Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Tehran, 1995614331, Iran.

BMC Endocrine Disorders
|December 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study assessed thyroid dysfunction in Tehran, finding 10.3% prevalence, with hypothyroidism being more common, especially in women. These findings highlight the need for thyroid health awareness in urban Iranian populations.

Keywords:
Cohort studiesHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismIranPrevalenceThyroid Diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction poses a significant health concern in urban populations.
  • Understanding its prevalence and risk factors is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Tehran's urban population represents a key demographic for studying modern health trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of various thyroid dysfunction categories in Tehran's urban population.
  • To identify associated risk factors for thyroid dysfunction.
  • To provide updated data on thyroid health in Iran.

Main Methods:

  • A sub-study of the HAMRAH prospective cohort, analyzing data from 2228 adults aged 30-75.
  • Blood samples measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) levels.
  • Prevalence included individuals with diagnosed dysfunction and those on thyroid medication.

Main Results:

  • Overall thyroid dysfunction prevalence was 10.3% (hypothyroidism: 9.4%, hyperthyroidism: 0.9%).
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism affected 7% and subclinical hyperthyroidism 1.6% of the population.
  • Thyroid dysfunction was significantly more common in female participants (P=0.029).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides current data on thyroid dysfunction prevalence in Tehran.
  • Hypothyroidism, both clinical and subclinical, is more prevalent in this Iranian population than previously reported.
  • Female sex emerged as a significant risk factor for thyroid dysfunction.